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: ''This article is about a type of dictionary in ancient China. For the type of Western reference work used in poetry, see rhyming dictionary.'' A rime dictionary, rhyme dictionary, or rime book () is an ancient type of Chinese dictionary that collates characters by tone and rhyme, instead of by radical. The most important rime dictionary tradition began with the ''Qieyun'' (601), which aimed to reconcile the literary reading traditions and poetic practice of north and south China. This work became very popular during the Tang dynasty, and went through a series of revisions and expansions, of which the most famous is the ''Guangyun'' (1007–1008). These dictionaries also record the pronunciations of characters by the ''fǎnqiè'' method, using a pair of characters to indicate the onset and remainder of the syllable respectively. The later rime tables gave a significantly more precise and systematic account of the sounds of these dictionaries by tabulating syllables by their onsets, rhyme groups, tones and other properties. The phonological system inferred from these books, often interpreted using the rime tables, is known as Middle Chinese, and has been the key datum for efforts to recover the sounds of early forms of Chinese. It incorporates most of the distinctions found in modern varieties of Chinese, as well as some that are no longer distinguished. It has also been used together with other evidence in the reconstruction of Old Chinese (1st millennium BC). Some scholars use the French spelling "rime", as used by the Swedish linguist Bernard Karlgren, for the categories described in these works, to distinguish them from the concept of poetic rhyme. ==History== The earliest rime dictionary was the ''Shēnglèi'' (聲類 lit. "sound types") by Li Deng (李登) of the Three Kingdoms period, containing more than 11,000 characters grouped under the five notes of the ancient Chinese musical scale. The book did not survive, and is known only from descriptions in later works. The most important rime dictionary was the ''Qieyun'', published by Lù Fǎyán (陸法言) in 601, during the Sui dynasty, based on five earlier rime dictionaries that are no longer extant. According to Lu Fayan's preface, the initial plan of the work was drawn up 20 years earlier in consultation with a group of scholars, three from southern China and five from the north. However the final compilation was by Lu alone, after he had retired from government service. As a guide to the recitation of literary texts and an aid in the composition of verse, the ''Qieyun'' quickly became popular during the Tang dynasty. Revisions were produced by Zhǎngsūn Nèyán (長孫訥言) in 677, Wáng Rénxū (王仁煦) in 706, Sūn Miǎn (孫愐) in 720 and 751 (under the title ''Tángyùn'' 唐韻), and Lǐ Zhōu (李舟) in 763–784. In 1008, during the Song dynasty, a group of scholars commissioned by the emperor produced an expanded revision called the ''Guangyun''. The ''Jiyun'' (1037) was a greatly expanded revision of the ''Guangyun''. Until the mid-20th century, the oldest complete rime dictionaries known were the ''Guangyun'' and ''Jiyun'', though extant copies of the latter were marred by numerous transcription errors. Thus all studies of the ''Qieyun'' tradition were actually based on the ''Guangyun''. Fragments of earlier revisions of the ''Qieyun'' were found early in the century among the Dunhuang manuscripts, in Turfan and in Beijing. When the ''Qieyun'' became the national standard in the Tang dynasty, several copyists were engaged in producing manuscripts to meet the great demand for revisions of the work. Particularly prized were copies of Wáng Rénxū's edition, made in the early 9th century, by Wú Cǎiluán (呉彩鸞), a woman famed for her calligraphy. One of these copies was acquired by Emperor Huizong (1100–1026), himself a keen calligrapher. It remained in the palace library until 1926, when part of the library followed the deposed emperor Puyi to Tianjin and then to Changchun, capital of the puppet state of Manchukuo. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, it passed to a book dealer in Changchun, and in 1947 two scholars discovered it in a book market in Liulichang, Beijing. Studies of this almost complete copy have been published by the Chinese linguists Dong Tonghe (1948 and 1952) and Li Rong (1956). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rime dictionary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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